{"id":10124,"date":"2020-08-30T17:51:10","date_gmt":"2020-08-30T14:51:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/?p=10124"},"modified":"2020-08-31T09:42:53","modified_gmt":"2020-08-31T06:42:53","slug":"de-liberation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2020\/08\/30\/de-liberation\/","title":{"rendered":"Liban : tout reprendre \u00e0 z\u00e9ro avant que tout ne sombre"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb\">\n.flex_column.av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb av_three_fourth  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-jo02aj9o-c747e19ade06532efadb9eaf2e11a914 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h1 class=\"article-headline\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Liban : tout reprendre \u00e0\u00a0z\u00e9ro avant que tout ne\u00a0sombre<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-36ctod-04a0923b74485b06d58a63d634bda0b4 hr-default  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jpa4dlb3-7f844daeec652e2e27d9eba858697598 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Tribune par Dominique Edd\u00e9 publi\u00e9e dans Lib\u00e9ration le 27 Ao\u00fbt 2020 et disponible sur le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/debats\/2020\/08\/27\/liban-tout-reprendre-a-zero-avant-que-tout-ne-sombre_1797918\">lien suivant<\/a>.<\/p>\n<blockquote dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"article-standfirst read-left-padding\">Pour l\u2019\u00e9crivaine Dominique Edd\u00e9, il faut profiter de l\u2019affaiblissement des forces politiques corrompues pour refonder le pays et d\u00e9velopper les infrastructures. Elle\u00a0compte sur le parti Citoyens, citoyennes dans un\u00a0Etat\u00a0pour mener au plus vite ce\u00a0travail\u00a0de\u00a0la\u00a0derni\u00e8re chance.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Avec le choc d\u00e9vastateur du\u00a04\u00a0ao\u00fbt<a title=\"www.liberation.fr\" href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/planete\/2020\/08\/04\/beyrouth-souffle-par-deux-explosions_1796070\">,<\/a> les Libanais sont arriv\u00e9s au bout du\u00a0bout. La faillite sociale, financi\u00e8re, \u00e9conomique est totale. Ceux qui peuvent s\u2019en vont, ceux qui restent ne peuvent rien ou presque. En d\u00e9pit de la d\u00e9mission du gouvernement et d\u2019une poign\u00e9e de membres du Parlement, les restes moribonds de l\u2019ancien r\u00e9gime affichent encore leur volont\u00e9 de durer. \u00abIl est mort mais il s\u2019obstine\u00bb, dit le dicton argentin. A moins d\u2019une rupture d\u00e9cisive, cette interminable agonie peut sacrifier un peuple au nom d\u2019une clique. Pendant ce\u00a0temps, on ne compte pas le\u00a0nombre de groupes et de personnes qui se mobilisent, avec une formidable efficacit\u00e9, pour\u00a0sauver les vies, les maisons bris\u00e9es. Jamais le pays n\u2019a si bien incarn\u00e9 le meilleur et le pire de\u00a0l\u2019esp\u00e8ce humaine.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Partant de l\u00e0, que reste-t-il \u00e0 faire ? Des centaines de groupes, partis, associations essaient de maintenir la t\u00eate du pays hors de l\u2019eau. Beaucoup sont issus de l\u2019insurrection d\u2019octobre, d\u2019autres sont \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153uvre depuis longtemps. Parmi ces derniers, il est un parti dont la\u00a0vision et le programme valent d\u2019\u00eatre pris tr\u00e8s au s\u00e9rieux. Il s\u2019agit de Citoyens, citoyennes dans un Etat. En arabe, <em>Mouwatinoun wa\u00a0Mouwatinat fi Dawla<\/em> (MMFD). A\u00a0sa t\u00eate, Charbel Nahas, un ancien ministre qui a d\u00e9missionn\u00e9 en\u00a02012, ayant donn\u00e9 des preuves r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es de comp\u00e9tence, d\u2019int\u00e9grit\u00e9, de sens de l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat public. Des qualit\u00e9s pour le moins rares dans un pays rompu \u00e0 l\u2019individualisme. Cet homme qui impressionne par sa qualit\u00e9 de pens\u00e9e inqui\u00e8te les uns de par son caract\u00e8re inflexible, les autres de par les efforts que r\u00e9clame son\u00a0projet s\u2019il venait \u00e0 \u00eatre appliqu\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Quels efforts ? L\u2019effort \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire de renoncer au court terme, aux illusions, aux gains rapides, \u00e0\u00a0l\u2019\u00e9conomie de rente, aux privil\u00e8ges. L\u2019effort de vouloir pour l\u2019autre ce que l\u2019on veut pour soi : la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 sociale, un r\u00e9seau de transports en commun, un enseignement public de qualit\u00e9 pour tous. Dans un livre qui vient de\u00a0para\u00eetre en version bilingue arabe et fran\u00e7ais (<em>Une \u00e9conomie et un Etat pour le Liban,<\/em> \u00e9d. Riad El-Rayyes Books), cet \u00e9conomiste, ing\u00e9nieur polytechnicien, dresse un \u00e9tat des lieux pr\u00e9cis et chiffr\u00e9 de la faillite et de\u00a0ses raisons. Son diagnostic est le suivant : le pays fonctionne depuis les ann\u00e9es\u00a080 dans un cadre qui n\u2019a plus d\u2019Etat que le nom. La\u00a0sortie de la guerre civile s\u2019est\u00a0faite dans des conditions incompatibles avec l\u2019autonomie et la paix du pays. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est profond\u00e9ment contamin\u00e9e par le\u00a0mal dont elle souhaite gu\u00e9rir. L\u2019aider \u00e0 en gu\u00e9rir, c\u2019est l\u2019aider \u00e0 penser autrement en lui assurant de nouvelles conditions de vie. Les pouvoirs communautaires qui ont confisqu\u00e9 et gangren\u00e9 tous les rouages institutionnels sont, \u00e0 ses yeux, les principaux responsables de la catastrophe actuelle. Les slogans brandis en\u00a0octobre par des centaines de\u00a0milliers de Libanais recouvraient le m\u00eame constat : <em>\u00abEn finir avec le confessionnalisme, le\u00a0client\u00e9lisme, le pouvoir des mafieux.\u00bb<\/em> Oui, mais comment ? Nous savons tous que les structures communautaires et familiales ont envahi les mentalit\u00e9s et\u00a0qu\u2019on ne les fera pas dispara\u00eetre comme on souffle une bougie. Nous savons aussi que nombreux sont ceux qui veulent en finir, sans oser faire le pas que cet \u00aben\u00a0finir\u00bb suppose. Qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse d\u2019assurer la fourniture des services de base tels que l\u2019eau, l\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique, la gestion des d\u00e9chets, les transports ou les t\u00e9l\u00e9coms, Nahas nous donne \u00e0 comprendre que cela ne se fera qu\u2019\u00e0 partir d\u2019une d\u00e9cision g\u00e9n\u00e9rale impliquant non seulement la\u00a0mise \u00e0 distance des acteurs politiques qui ont obstru\u00e9 les\u00a0issues, mais aussi et surtout la\u00a0refonte du syst\u00e8me sur lequel leur pouvoir repose.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Les puissances \u00e9trang\u00e8res, habitu\u00e9es \u00e0 r\u00e9duire et traiter les Libanais en termes de communaut\u00e9s plut\u00f4t que de citoyens, n\u2019ont pas n\u00e9cessairement \u00abint\u00e9r\u00eat\u00bb \u00e0 soutenir un programme de sauvetage centr\u00e9 sur la construction d\u2019un\u00a0Etat. Outre son caract\u00e8re d\u2019urgence au plan \u00e9conomique et\u00a0social, ce programme pr\u00e9sente l\u2019avantage local et r\u00e9gional de faire valoir les m\u00eames droits pour chacun, ind\u00e9pendamment de toute appartenance confessionnelle. Ceux qui se sentent l\u00e9gitimement menac\u00e9s dans cette partie du monde &#8211; notamment les chr\u00e9tiens &#8211; ne pourront \u00eatre d\u00e9fendus que dans ce cadre \u00e9largi. Du temps o\u00f9 ils ont eu des pouvoirs exceptionnels au plan \u00e9tatique, ils n\u2019ont pas su &#8211; \u00e0 peu d\u2019exceptions pr\u00e8s &#8211; en faire profiter le pays. Il leur faut d\u00e9sormais se projeter dans un nouvel espace \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur duquel chacun, chacune, a le m\u00eame droit que l\u2019autre. Toute solution, qui s\u2019appuierait sur les armes ou les d\u00e9clarations intempestives, creusera leur tombe. Les rapports de force \u00e9tant ce qu\u2019ils sont, la pr\u00e9sence arm\u00e9e du Hezbollah ne pouvant \u00eatre dissoute sur commande, la population \u00e9trang\u00e8re \u00e9tant aussi importante en nombre que la population libanaise qui s\u2019en va, il\u00a0ne peut y avoir de lueur de solution qu\u2019ultra-rapide dans sa mise en place, et forc\u00e9ment patiente dans sa consolidation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Que demandent les partis de\u00a0l\u2019opposition, dont celui-ci, aujourd\u2019hui ? Ils demandent un\u00a0transfert de pouvoir pacifique, au profit d\u2019un gouvernement dot\u00e9 de pouvoirs l\u00e9gislatifs sp\u00e9ciaux, sur une p\u00e9riode de dix-huit mois. C\u2019est maintenant, c\u2019est tout de suite &#8211; au moment rare o\u00f9\u00a0toutes les forces politiques v\u00e9reuses sont affaiblies &#8211; qu\u2019il faut avoir le courage de n\u00e9gocier ce grand virage. Seul un gouvernement affranchi du pouvoir mafieux sera en mesure de proc\u00e9der aux r\u00e9formes urgentes, (sans en passer par un Parlement sous la\u00a0coupe de l\u2019ancien r\u00e9gime), de\u00a0relancer par sa cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 les n\u00e9gociations avec le FMI ou autres, de d\u00e9samorcer un processus mortif\u00e8re. Si le Liban poursuit sa\u00a0descente en roue libre, avec les m\u00eames au volant et, pour sauver la fa\u00e7ade, quelques experts en r\u00e9formes, le\u00a0pays sera in\u00e9luctablement expos\u00e9 \u00e0 une d\u00e9composition plus ou moins violente.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">A l\u2019avant-veille du retour du pr\u00e9sident Macron, le 1<sup>er<\/sup>\u00a0septembre \u00e0\u00a0Beyrouth, je souhaite rappeler \u00e0\u00a0la France cofondatrice du Liban il y a cent\u00a0ans qu\u2019elle ne peut plus contribuer \u00e0 aider ce pays sans prendre au s\u00e9rieux sa minorit\u00e9 s\u00e9rieuse : l\u2019ensemble de l\u2019opposition au pouvoir oligarchique. La\u00a0France est bien plac\u00e9e pour savoir que les r\u00e9sistants, en temps de trag\u00e9die, ne rel\u00e8vent pas de la majorit\u00e9. Si le Liban est rapi\u00e9c\u00e9, recoll\u00e9, avant que le tissu ne soit trait\u00e9, il sera condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 n\u2019avoir qu\u2019un \u00e2ge d\u2019homme. S\u2019il est sauv\u00e9 dans de bonnes conditions, il peut \u00eatre, en revanche, le\u00a0pionnier du meilleur apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 le pionnier du pire.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Les chances sont minces ? Oui. Tr\u00e8s minces, mais elles existent. La cl\u00e9 principale de cette chance r\u00e9side dans le respect de la la\u00efcit\u00e9 de son Etat, ainsi que le veut sa\u00a0Constitution qu\u2019on s\u2019acharne \u00e0\u00a0ne pas appliquer. C\u2019est la pierre angulaire du projet que pr\u00e9sente le MMFD. Il incombe \u00e0 ce parti, \u00e0\u00a0Nahas en particulier, de manifester de l\u2019ouverture envers les autres groupes de l\u2019opposition, de faire et d\u2019inspirer confiance, d\u2019admettre la concession, de cr\u00e9er les conditions de l\u2019union sacr\u00e9e. Qu\u2019elles se trouvent au Liban ou \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur du pays, les\u00a0personnes d\u2019envergure, en tous domaines, ne manquent pas. Il ne s\u2019agit en aucun cas, selon ce projet, de nier la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 communautaire, il s\u2019agit de lui \u00f4ter son pouvoir de d\u00e9cision politique. La\u00a0solution qui vaut pour le Liban vaut pour toute la\u00a0r\u00e9gion. Qu\u2019on nous dise, par exemple, comment Isra\u00ebl pourra assurer \u00e0 terme la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de ses\u00a0habitants si ce n\u2019est en renfor\u00e7ant la notion de citoyennet\u00e9 et de la\u00efcit\u00e9 ? Toute promotion du\u00a0statut citoyen, tout renvoi de\u00a0l\u2019identit\u00e9 communautaire \u00e0\u00a0la\u00a0sph\u00e8re priv\u00e9e, est de nature \u00e0\u00a0assurer la paix, aussi bien dans\u00a0cette partie du monde qu\u2019au c\u0153ur m\u00eame de l\u2019Europe. Si elle est acquise et prot\u00e9g\u00e9e par le\u00a0droit, la confiance des uns envers les autres d\u00e9samorcera les\u00a0crispations religieuses.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">En dehors de ce tournant radical, les man\u0153uvres reproduiront du\u00a0m\u00eame \u00e0 l\u2019infini. C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de la haine et de la guerre. C\u2019est au Liban que la destruction a\u00a0commenc\u00e9 en\u00a01975. Elle s\u2019est r\u00e9pandue en Irak, en Syrie, en Palestine. Elle vient de frapper \u00e0 nouveau, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 elle avait d\u00e9but\u00e9. De deux choses l\u2019une : soit tout sombre, soit tout est repris \u00e0 z\u00e9ro. Avoir le courage de s\u2019en prendre \u00e0\u00a0la racine du mal c\u2019est avoir celui\u00a0de rompre le cercle vicieux confessionnel dans lequel est ins\u00e9r\u00e9 l\u2019ensemble de la politique r\u00e9gionale depuis soixante-dix\u00a0ans. L\u2019\u00e9tat de d\u00e9labrement dans lequel se trouve le Liban, miniature du monde, est de ce point de vue exemplaire. Pour peu que l\u2019on ouvre les yeux, tout donne \u00e0\u00a0voir que l\u2019utopie r\u00e9aliste est infiniment plus convaincante que\u00a0le r\u00e9alisme sans vision du\u00a0rafistolage.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='av-buildercomment av-lasdt5-821da58d97861d8157894ef1f3066ac2'><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-2929i4-777fc9eaf0f801963dab2bdf922e9490 hr-default  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_comments_list  el_before_av_social_share '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='av-social-sharing-box av-ao6m0-3fe04660fe53d2dfce528be7b45e8fb8 av-social-sharing-box-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  av-social-sharing-box-fullwidth'><div class=\"av-share-box\"><h5 class='av-share-link-description av-no-toc '>Share this entry<\/h5><ul class=\"av-share-box-list noLightbox\"><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-facebook' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Partager sur Facebook\" 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