{"id":14899,"date":"2021-03-10T11:08:50","date_gmt":"2021-03-10T09:08:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/2021\/03\/10\/mk-olj\/"},"modified":"2021-03-13T18:16:24","modified_gmt":"2021-03-13T16:16:24","slug":"mk-olj","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2021\/03\/10\/mk-olj\/","title":{"rendered":"Un \u00c9tat pour le Liban ? Pour quoi faire ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb\">\n.flex_column.av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb av_three_fourth  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-jo02aj9o-2c91b504919fcfba30aa0fcc9afad91c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h1 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Un \u00c9tat pour le Liban ? Pour quoi faire ?<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-36ctod-04a0923b74485b06d58a63d634bda0b4 hr-default  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jpa4dlb3-7aba5a256187ade9efe09863963a89fb '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Article de Moussa Khoury, Membre de Citoyens et Citoyennes dans in \u00c9tat, publi\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;Orient-Le Jour le Samedi 6 Mars 2021 sur ce <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1254358\/un-etat-pour-le-liban-pour-quoi-faire-.html\">lien<\/a>.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Faut-il confier \u00e0 une instance religieuse le soin de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la plus complexe des \u00e9quations nationales et communautaires ? Un \u00e9ditorial d\u2019\u00c9lie Fayad, publi\u00e9 lundi dans ces colonnes et intitul\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0Bkerk\u00e9 le retour\u00a0\u00bb, le laisse entendre. Son propos commence par r\u00e9futer le projet de Charbel Nahas qui n\u2019aurait pas saisi, \u00e9crit-il, que \u00ab\u00a0la classe politique libanaise et le syst\u00e8me bancaire ne sont pas seuls \u00e0 avoir fait faillite\u00a0\u00bb; ajoutant qu\u2019il faudrait inclure dans le diagnostic celle de la dite \u00ab\u00a0soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile\u00a0\u00bb. Or, s\u2019il est un projet politique qui prend en compte toutes les raisons de la faillite de l\u2019\u00c9tat au Liban, c\u2019est bien celui de Citoyens et citoyennes dans un \u00c9tat. \u00c0 commencer par une raison fondamentale qui a mobilis\u00e9 les foules en octobre 2017 et que certains veulent brusquement oublier\u00a0: la distribution\/confiscation du pouvoir selon des crit\u00e8res confessionnels. \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019\u00c9tat la\u00efque, \u00e9crit Nahas, est l\u2019oppos\u00e9 exact de la coalition de groupes ou de pr\u00e9tendus composants communautaires\u00a0\u00bb (Une \u00e9conomie et un \u00c9tat pour le Liban, Riad El-Rayess Books, 2020). Mettre fin \u00e0 cette coalition, voici la condition essentielle \u00e0 la construction d\u2019un \u00c9tat et \u00e0 la protection de tous les citoyens. Et par voie de cons\u00e9quence, \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et \u00e0 la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 des communaut\u00e9s, de toutes les communaut\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><b>Lib\u00e9rer l\u2019\u00c9tat<\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Comment ? En les mettant \u00e0 l\u2019abri de la confrontation. Contrairement aux raisonnements versatiles qui conduisent la pens\u00e9e au gr\u00e9 de l\u2019actualit\u00e9, la vision de Nahas et de Citoyens et citoyennes dans un \u00c9tat a le long terme dans son viseur. Elle d\u00e9veloppe notamment les modalit\u00e9s selon lesquelles la construction d\u2019un \u00c9tat la\u00efque se ferait dans le respect des appartenances communautaires et des choix individuels, y compris dans les processus \u00e9lectoraux. On nous reproche un manque de fermet\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du Hezbollah ? \u00ab\u00a0Nous disons que nous ne sommes pas d\u2019accord avec lui (le Hezbollah), \u00e9crit encore Nahas, car il est une partie prenante essentielle de ce pouvoir, et nous avons une approche totalement oppos\u00e9e \u00e0 la sienne en ce qui concerne la politique int\u00e9rieure.\u00a0\u00bb Autrement dit\u00a0: c\u2019est seulement en lib\u00e9rant l\u2019\u00c9tat des pressions communautaires et en le dotant d\u2019une arm\u00e9e affranchie de toute pr\u00e9sence de milices internes que l\u2019on mettra \u00e0 l\u2019abri telle communaut\u00e9 de la pression d\u2019une autre. Ceux qui consid\u00e8rent que la \u00ab\u00a0parole politique ne pouvait plus atterrir qu\u2019\u00e0 Bkerk\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb, comme le fait l\u2019\u00e9ditorial pr\u00e9cit\u00e9, ont-ils conscience de mettre en danger le pays et Bkerk\u00e9 \u00e0 la fois ? Parce que faire assumer \u00e0 une seule partie \u2013 le patriarcat maronite dans le cas pr\u00e9cis \u2013, la garantie de l\u2019entit\u00e9 politique libanaise moderne revient \u00e0 faire supporter \u00e0 cette m\u00eame partie une responsabilit\u00e9 \u00e9crasante. C\u2019est lui demander d\u2019apporter une issue dont elle n\u2019a pas les moyens. Ce n\u2019est pas seulement revenir en arri\u00e8re, c\u2019est revenir en arri\u00e8re dans un contexte qui ne le permet plus, sinon au prix d\u2019un d\u00e9membrement. Il est d\u2019ailleurs l\u00e9gitime de se demander si le discours de Bkerk\u00e9 du 27 f\u00e9vrier n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9form\u00e9 dans sa port\u00e9e par ceux qui cherchent \u00e0 tout prix \u00e0 impliquer le patriarche maronite l\u00e0 o\u00f9 lui-m\u00eame ne devrait pas aller. Mgr Ra\u00ef a certes avanc\u00e9 des propositions\u00a0: il a appel\u00e9 \u00e0 une neutralit\u00e9 du Liban \u2013 principe aussi fluctuant que difficile \u00e0 mettre en place \u2013 et il a appel\u00e9 \u00e0 la tenue d\u2019une conf\u00e9rence internationale \u2013 qui ne fait pas l\u2019unanimit\u00e9, loin de l\u00e0 \u2013 pour garantir la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 du Liban.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Quand bien m\u00eame ces deux propositions seraient r\u00e9alisables et tout de suite, le patriarche a-t-il \u00e9voqu\u00e9 les moyens de sortir le Liban du chaos ? Avec quoi reconstruire son \u00e9conomie ? Que faire pour remettre sur pied les organismes \u00e9tatiques sans lesquels il n\u2019y a pas de pays? Comment instaurer, prot\u00e9ger, les droits sociaux de la population, \u00e0 commencer par ses droits \u00e0 la sant\u00e9, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9ducation\u2026 ?<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Nous ne disons pas qu\u2019il faut attendre du patriarche maronite ou de toute autre instance religieuse des r\u00e9ponses \u00e0 des questions aussi \u00e9pineuses et complexes, nous disons qu\u2019\u00e0 surinvestir son statut, on prend le risque de l\u2019affaiblir, et avec lui \u2013 c\u2019est l\u00e0 le plus grave \u2013, de compromettre \u00e0 jamais toute solution collective.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Non, le Liban n\u2019est pas un \u00ab\u00a0\u00c9tat en gestation\u00a0\u00bb, pas plus qu\u2019il n\u2019existe depuis un si\u00e8cle seulement. Le Liban comme soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est l\u2019h\u00e9ritage d\u2019une civilisation plurimill\u00e9naire et a connu, durant son histoire, de multiples formes d\u2019organisation \u00e9tatique.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><b>Sortir de l\u2019\u00e9tat de d\u00e9liquescence<\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Le Liban ne peut exister en dehors d\u2019une vision qui prenne en compte la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 dans son ensemble sans qu\u2019elle soit prisonni\u00e8re des tares de cette soci\u00e9t\u00e9 communautaris\u00e9e par la guerre, les petites guerres, lancinantes, d\u00e9clar\u00e9es ou larv\u00e9es, par le r\u00e8gne de l\u2019angoisse. Nous avons besoin de visionnaires et non de r\u00eaveurs ; des acteurs, des emp\u00eacheurs de tourner en rond, des femmes et des hommes pour qui faire de la politique, c\u2019est avant tout s\u2019engager au service d\u2019un int\u00e9r\u00eat collectif, public, qui r\u00e9clame de chacun, de chacune la conscience de l\u2019autre, toutes identit\u00e9s sociales et communautaires confondues.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">L\u2019objectif n\u2019est pas de plaire, mais d\u2019avoir un cap et de le garder. Ces femmes et ces hommes politiques savent que pour sortir le Liban de l\u2019\u00e9tat de d\u00e9liquescence dans lequel il se trouve, il faudra faire et demander des sacrifices impopulaires. Mais ne dit-on pas qu\u2019aux grands maux il faut de grands rem\u00e8des ? Conna\u00eet-on un malade qui se fasse op\u00e9rer de ga\u00eet\u00e9 de c\u0153ur ? Encore faut-il pouvoir identifier le mal sous toutes ses formes avant de lui administrer un rem\u00e8de, avant d\u2019esp\u00e9rer le gu\u00e9rir.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Non, Charbel Nahas et le parti qu\u2019il dirige n\u2019ont pas tort de vouloir croire encore \u00e0 la restauration d\u2019un \u00c9tat au Liban. Un \u00c9tat la\u00efque, souverain et fort, qui garantisse \u00e0 tous l\u2019exercice de leurs droits, y compris la libert\u00e9 de conscience, en tant que citoyens et que citoyennes \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Un \u00c9tat dans lequel Mgr Ra\u00ef n\u2019aura pas \u00e0 se soucier de l\u2019avenir existentiel des membres de sa communaut\u00e9, ni de celui des autres communaut\u00e9s religieuses. Un \u00c9tat qui pourrait servir d\u2019exemple dans une r\u00e9gion morcel\u00e9e par les guerres, en partie livr\u00e9e \u00e0 des th\u00e9ocraties, prisonni\u00e8re de formules communautaires ayant prouv\u00e9 leur \u00e9chec. Le projet est utopique? \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019utopie, c\u2019est l\u2019avenir qui s\u2019efforce de na\u00eetre, disait Victor Hugo. La routine, c\u2019est le pass\u00e9 qui s\u2019obstine \u00e0 vivre.\u00a0\u00bb Plut\u00f4t que le retour du pass\u00e9, nous pr\u00f4nons son d\u00e9passement. Nous allons jusqu\u2019\u00e0 penser que ce n\u2019est pas seulement la r\u00e9gion qui serait susceptible de s\u2019inspirer d\u2019un tel \u00c9tat la\u00efque, mais aussi les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s occidentales confront\u00e9es aux probl\u00e8mes que posent la diversit\u00e9 religieuse et la cohabitation communautaire.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Alors, le \u00ab\u00a0Liban pays-message\u00a0\u00bb annonc\u00e9 par Jean-Paul II trouvera tout son sens. Alors, Mgr Ra\u00ef pourra traduire dans la pratique la d\u00e9claration du pape Fran\u00e7ois en 2016\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Un \u00c9tat doit \u00eatre la\u00efque. Les \u00c9tats confessionnels finissent mal. Cela va contre l\u2019histoire.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Nous partageons l\u2019avis d\u2019\u00c9lie Fayad quand il \u00e9crit que la classe dirigeante est \u00ab\u00a0t\u00e9tanis\u00e9e par les cons\u00e9quences de ses propres d\u00e9rives\u00a0\u00bb, mais qualifier \u00ab\u00a0d\u2019\u00e9ructation collective initiale\u00a0\u00bb le grand mouvement de contestation qui a donn\u00e9 envie \u00e0 des centaines de milliers de Libanais de rompre leur solitude et de vivre ensemble, c\u2019est aller vite et mal en besogne. Le pays et les Libanais sont dans une telle souffrance, \u00e0 l\u2019heure qu\u2019il est, qu\u2019il nous faut tous trouver un moyen de d\u00e9battre qui en tienne compte et qui place le service public au-dessus de chacun de nous.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='av-buildercomment av-vby0wh-d069a5138b4629a692b2e3dec865137c'><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-2929i4-777fc9eaf0f801963dab2bdf922e9490 hr-default  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_comments_list  el_before_av_social_share '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='av-social-sharing-box av-ao6m0-3fe04660fe53d2dfce528be7b45e8fb8 av-social-sharing-box-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  av-social-sharing-box-fullwidth'><div class=\"av-share-box\"><h5 class='av-share-link-description av-no-toc '>Share this entry<\/h5><ul class=\"av-share-box-list noLightbox\"><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-facebook' ><a target=\"_blank\" 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src=\"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/13-apr-2026-.jpg-80x80.jpeg\" class=\"wp-image-20251 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-20251 attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/13-apr-2026-.jpg-80x80.jpeg 80w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/13-apr-2026-.jpg-36x36.jpeg 36w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/13-apr-2026-.jpg-180x180.jpeg 180w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/13-apr-2026-.jpg-120x120.jpeg 120w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/13-apr-2026-.jpg-450x450.jpeg 450w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/13-apr-2026-.jpg-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/13-apr-2026-.jpg-100x100.jpeg 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"av-magazine-content-wrap\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\"><time 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