{"id":15231,"date":"2021-03-30T12:04:25","date_gmt":"2021-03-30T09:04:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/?p=15231"},"modified":"2021-04-26T12:22:38","modified_gmt":"2021-04-26T09:22:38","slug":"cj-espace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2021\/03\/30\/cj-espace\/","title":{"rendered":"LE LIBAN : UN RETOUR PROCHE VERS L\u2019ESPACE\u2009?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb\">\n.flex_column.av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb av_three_fourth  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-jo02aj9o-2c91b504919fcfba30aa0fcc9afad91c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h1 class=\"topTitle\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>LE LIBAN : UN RETOUR PROCHE VERS L\u2019ESPACE?<\/strong><\/h1>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-36ctod-04a0923b74485b06d58a63d634bda0b4 hr-default  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jpa4dlb3-7aba5a256187ade9efe09863963a89fb '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Chady JABBOUR<br \/>\n\u00c9conomiste, CNRS, France<br \/>\nLe 27\/03\/2021<br \/>\nMontpellier, France<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Quelques jours apr\u00e8s le succ\u00e8s de la Tunisie \u00e0 lancer son premier satellite enti\u00e8rement fabriqu\u00e9 localement, et suite aux d\u00e9clarations r\u00e9centes de la Turquie concernant son programme spatial de 2023, (et sans y ajouter les activit\u00e9s spatiales des pays comme le Soudan, l\u2019\u00c9gypte, l\u2019Angola, l\u2019\u00c9thiopie, le Ghana, le Rwanda, l\u2019Afrique du Sud, le Nig\u00e9ria, le Kenya, le Maroc, l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie, les Emirats Arabes Unis&#8230;) plusieurs questions nous reviennent \u00e0 l\u2019esprit, nous citoyens et citoyennes dans un \u00e9tat \u00ab\u2009souhait\u00e9\u2009\u00bb\u00a0: O\u00f9 en est le Liban actuellement du boom \u00e9conomique de l\u2019Espace\u2009? N\u2019est-il pas temps d\u2019investir dans les technologies spatiales et de prendre la vague mondiale du progr\u00e8s\u2009? Quand est-ce que le pays des C\u00e8dres se donnera-t-il les moyens de prendre part au d\u00e9veloppement de ces technologies\u2009?<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Est-ce une folie de poser de telle probl\u00e9matique\u2009? Un crime pour un exc\u00e8s d\u2019ambition\u2009? Ou bien un r\u00eave qui devrait rester inaccessible\u2009? Est-ce que la r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 une demande pareille devrait s\u2019amortir, comme ce fut le cas pendant ces derni\u00e8res soixante ann\u00e9es\u00a0: \u00ab\u2009<em>mich\u00a0hala2 wa2ta\u2009\u00bb<\/em>\u00a0(il n\u2019est pas temps)\u2009? Faut-il toujours que les volont\u00e9s soient accabl\u00e9es et entrav\u00e9es, signe d\u2019acceptation d\u2019un destin paralys\u00e9 par l\u2019impuissance ?\u2009 Les libanais et libanaises n\u2019ont-ils pas le droit, \u00e0 l\u2019entr\u00e9e du XXI\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, de partager avec la science et le monde entier, une id\u00e9e qui aurait pu na\u00eetre au-del\u00e0 des \u00e9toiles\u2009?<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ma r\u00e9ponse, \u00e0 titre personnel, est bien s\u00fbr que OUI, avec pleine conscience de la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 que peut engendrer une telle proposition, intrusive et d\u00e9rangeante surtout en temps de crise, et bien \u00e9videmment d\u00e9stabilisante pour une classe politique qui pr\u00e9f\u00e8re garder les pieds (et la dignit\u00e9) sur terre.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Une r\u00e9alisation d\u2019une telle revendication (que ce soit en temps de prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9, ou bien en temps de r\u00e9cession comme \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent) appara\u00eet pour une majorit\u00e9 de ceux qui sont au centre du pouvoir et de la prise de d\u00e9cision, aussi lointaine que les plan\u00e8tes qui les entourent. Il ne faut surtout pas perturber la stagnation des id\u00e9es qui r\u00e8gnent dans la galaxie \u00e9tatique libanaise, m\u00eame si l\u2019investissement dans ce secteur pr\u00e9sente une opportunit\u00e9, parmi d\u2019autres, pour une relance d\u2019une \u00e9conomie libanaise diversifi\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Contexte mondial<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">L\u2019\u00e9conomie et la gestion de l\u2019Espace font actuellement l\u2019objet d\u2019une pr\u00e9occupation mondiale grandissante\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>Un contexte international tr\u00e8s actif, avec le d\u00e9ploiement des grands syst\u00e8mes d\u2019observation de la terre\u00a0: les programmes am\u00e9ricain Landsat et europ\u00e9en Copernicus, la cr\u00e9ation de globes virtuels par des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s commerciales (e.g. Google Earth, Planet), l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des acteurs du \u00ab\u2009New Space\u2009\u00bb, la multiplication des start-ups spatiales et l\u2019\u00e9mergence des micro et nano satellites (e.g. SpaceX, Blue Origin, Firefly Space)\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Un contexte de num\u00e9risation massive des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, avec un accroissement exponentiel du volume des donn\u00e9es issues du \u00ab\u2009Big Data\u2009\u00bb et des techniques de l\u2019intelligence artificielle\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Des transformations num\u00e9riques qui en d\u00e9coulent avec des enjeux en termes de co\u00fbts et d\u2019impacts socio-\u00e9conomiques\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Un r\u00f4le de plus en plus essentiel dans divers contextes de prise de d\u00e9cision\u00a0: gestion des ressources naturelles, \u00e9volution de l\u2019occupation des sols, pratiques agricoles, statistiques d\u00e9mographiques, villes intelligentes, etc.\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Un support pour le suivi de plusieurs enjeux environnementaux et de d\u00e9veloppement territorial\u00a0: changement climatique, protection de la biodiversit\u00e9, suivi des services \u00e9co-syst\u00e9miques, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Le Liban :\u00a0o\u00f9 en est-il de cette effervescence\u2009?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Le d\u00e9veloppement du secteur spatial est loin d\u2019\u00eatre \u00e0 la hauteur de l\u2019ambition du jour. Les seuls exemples sur notre sol se limitent au\u00a0 projet du Pr. Manougian (1960-1966) pour le lancement des rockets libanais (Lebanese Rocket Society) et l\u2019activit\u00e9 men\u00e9e par le centre national de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection (National Center for Remote sensing), avec quelques initiatives timides lanc\u00e9es en 2018 pour la construction du premier nano satellite libanais.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Au moment o\u00f9 les nations allouent des budgets sp\u00e9cifiques pour le d\u00e9veloppement de leur activit\u00e9 spatiale, le Liban ne dispose pas jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent d\u2019infrastructures spatiales ni de satellites propres pour se fournir les donn\u00e9es dont il a besoin. Sa d\u00e9pendance repose toujours sur d\u2019autres pays, et le n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 continue d\u2019acheter ses donn\u00e9es, et quelques services, lui ajoute une pression financi\u00e8re, et surtout politique, vu les enjeux strat\u00e9giques mondiaux que pr\u00e9sente ce secteur, et plus particuli\u00e8rement dans la r\u00e9gion du Moyen-Orient.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Opportunit\u00e9s politico-\u00e9conomiques\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Signe de puissance, de d\u00e9veloppement et de prestige, l\u2019Espace pr\u00e9sente plus que jamais, une opportunit\u00e9 importante \u00e0 saisir. Pour autant que cela paraisse irr\u00e9alisable dans le contexte libanais actuel, l\u2019investissement dans les technologies de l\u2019Espace fera na\u00eetre de nouvelles opportunit\u00e9s pour initier et accompagner le d\u00e9veloppement de plusieurs secteurs. L\u2019utilisation et le traitement de l\u2019information spatiale se traduiraient en une floraison \u00e9conomique au sein de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 libanaise. Elles permettraient de cr\u00e9er des emplois, ainsi que de gagner en efficacit\u00e9 dans une diversit\u00e9 de domaines. Ci-dessous quelques exemples qui m\u00e9riteraient d\u2019\u00eatre discut\u00e9s exhaustivement:<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><strong> Dans les domaines agricole\u00a0et forestier\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>Faire \u00e9voluer les pratiques agricoles et accompagner la transition vers une agronomie num\u00e9rique (e.g. logiciels d\u2019aide \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision bas\u00e9s sur les technologies spatiales)\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Concevoir des solutions accessibles aux agriculteurs pour une gestion raisonn\u00e9e et un accompagnement de l\u2019\u00e9tat sanitaire de leurs cultures\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Donner des informations sur l\u2019\u00e9volution des ressources en eau, l\u2019\u00e9volution des cultures saisonni\u00e8res, le niveau d\u2019humidit\u00e9 des sols, etc.\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>Fournir des outils pour un d\u00e9veloppement plus durable des terres agricoles\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Accompagner la gestion des for\u00eats et parcs naturels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong> Dans le domaine de la gestion des catastrophes naturelles<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>Fournir une meilleure gestion des al\u00e9as naturels\u00a0: les s\u00e9ismes, les inondations, les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de d\u00e9sertification, les p\u00e9riodes de s\u00e9cheresse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><strong> Dans le domaine de l\u2019am\u00e9nagement des territoires<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>Suivre l\u2019\u00e9tat de l\u2019urbanisation des territoires\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Fournir un support pour la surveillance territoriale\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Accompagner la planification et la gestion des infrastructures et r\u00e9seaux de transports.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" start=\"4\">\n<li><strong> Dans le domaine militaire<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>Renforcer les strat\u00e9gies de d\u00e9fense et de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationales\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Assurer un support \u00e0 la navigation \u00e0 travers des syst\u00e8mes de positionnement\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Accompagner les politiques de d\u00e9limitation des fronti\u00e8res (terrestres et maritimes).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" start=\"5\">\n<li><strong> Dans le domaine de la technologie informatique et industrielle<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>D\u00e9velopper des applications \u00e0 base d\u2019informations spatiales (services de g\u00e9olocalisation, outils de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications et d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie, assurance et pr\u00e9vision, cartographie de pr\u00e9cision, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Participer \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9mergence de nouveaux march\u00e9s \u00e0 base d\u2019innovation et de science ouverte (Open science &#038; innovation)\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Permettre des utilisations interdisciplinaires (agriculture\/assurance, sant\u00e9\/environnement, gestion web\/analyse, etc.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" start=\"6\">\n<li><strong> Dans le domaine du tourisme<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>Valoriser les lieux touristiques \u00e0 travers des fonctionnalit\u00e9s riches et \u00ab\u2009user-friendly\u2009\u00bb\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Promouvoir les activit\u00e9s sportives et loisirs (mettre en valeur les chemins de randonn\u00e9e, construire des itin\u00e9raires et sentiers personnalis\u00e9s, fournir des topo-guides num\u00e9riques)\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>Cr\u00e9er des bases de donn\u00e9es facilement partageables \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle d\u2019un territoire.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Recommandations pratiques<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Le Liban a de solides atouts pour d\u00e9velopper ce secteur (infrastructures de donn\u00e9es spatiales, satellites et nano-satellites, applications, etc.), notamment \u00e0 travers sa communaut\u00e9 cr\u00e9ative de scientifiques, d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs et d\u2019\u00e9tudiants.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Il est temps\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>De d\u00e9velopper une strat\u00e9gie spatiale nationale, avec une vision align\u00e9e avec les diff\u00e9rents besoins industriels et socio-\u00e9conomiques de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 libanaise\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>De repenser les syst\u00e8mes \u00e9ducatifs, scolaires et universitaires, afin de consacrer une place plus importante aux technologies avanc\u00e9es, et plus particuli\u00e8rement celles du spatial\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>D\u2019\u00e9tablir des partenariats public-priv\u00e9s et de s\u2019appuyer sur toute sorte de capacit\u00e9 et expertise qui puissent favoriser le d\u00e9veloppement de cette industrie prometteuse\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>De s\u2019ins\u00e9rer dans un consortium de coop\u00e9ration arabe et structurer une feuille de route r\u00e9gionale pour un d\u00e9veloppement coop\u00e9ratif de l\u2019industrie spatiale dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>De b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier des relations internationales et les mettre en profit pour construire des partenariats dans ce secteur (e.g. Europe, Russie, \u00c9tats-Unis, Chine, Japon)\u2009;<\/li>\n<li>De proposer des emplois dans ce domaine, et que l\u2019\u00e9conomie de l\u2019Espace ne soit plus juste un r\u00eave, mais une simple r\u00e9alit\u00e9 pour tous les libanais et libanaises\u2009;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Il est temps de sortir de la galaxie actuelle du Liban, pour un retour s\u00e9rieux et rapide vers l\u2019Espace.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='av-buildercomment 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https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-48x48.png 48w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"av-magazine-content-wrap\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\"><time class='av-magazine-time updated'  itemprop=\"datePublished\" datetime=\"\" ><\/time><h3 class='av-magazine-title entry-title '  itemprop=\"headline\" ><a href='https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2021\/10\/11\/interview-with-charbel-nahhas\/' title='Lier vers : Charbel Nahas : \u00ab\u2009Le nouveau gouvernement libanais est dangereux\u2009\u00bb'>Charbel Nahas : \u00ab\u2009Le nouveau gouvernement libanais est dangereux\u2009\u00bb<\/a><\/h3><\/header><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Est-ce une folie de poser de telle probl\u00e9matique\u2009? Un crime pour un exc\u00e8s d\u2019ambition\u2009? Ou bien un r\u00eave qui devrait rester inaccessible\u2009? Est-ce que la r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 une demande pareille devrait s\u2019amortir, comme ce fut le cas pendant ces derni\u00e8res soixante ann\u00e9es\u00a0: \u00ab\u2009mich\u00a0hala2 wa2ta\u2009\u00bb\u00a0(il n\u2019est pas temps)\u2009? Faut-il toujours que les volont\u00e9s soient accabl\u00e9es et entrav\u00e9es, signe d\u2019acceptation d\u2019un destin paralys\u00e9 par l\u2019impuissance ?\u2009 Les libanais et libanaises n\u2019ont-ils pas le droit, \u00e0 l\u2019entr\u00e9e du XXI\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, de partager avec la science et le monde entier, une id\u00e9e qui aurait pu na\u00eetre au-del\u00e0 des \u00e9toiles\u2009?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":15629,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":[],"_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[155],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>LE LIBAN : UN RETOUR PROCHE VERS L\u2019ESPACE\u2009? - \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2021\/03\/30\/cj-espace\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"LE LIBAN : UN RETOUR PROCHE VERS L\u2019ESPACE\u2009? - \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Est-ce une folie de poser de telle probl\u00e9matique\u2009? 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