{"id":17188,"date":"2021-09-17T10:50:26","date_gmt":"2021-09-17T07:50:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/?p=17188"},"modified":"2021-09-17T13:55:10","modified_gmt":"2021-09-17T10:55:10","slug":"transportation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2021\/09\/17\/transportation\/","title":{"rendered":"Les transports collectifs, \u00e9ternels sacrifi\u00e9s du syst\u00e8me libanais"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb\">\n.flex_column.av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb av_three_fourth  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-jo02aj9o-2c91b504919fcfba30aa0fcc9afad91c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h1 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Les transports collectifs, \u00e9ternels<br \/>\nsacrifi\u00e9s du syst\u00e8me libanais<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-36ctod-04a0923b74485b06d58a63d634bda0b4 hr-default  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jpa4dlb3-7aba5a256187ade9efe09863963a89fb '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p dir=\"ltr\">Un article par Salah Hijazi publi\u00e9 le 11 Septembre 2021 dans L&rsquo;Orient-Le Jour sur ce <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1274415\/les-transports-collectifs-eternels-sacrifies-du-systeme-libanais.html\">lien<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00ab Il va falloir que les Libanais trouvent des alternatives moins ch\u00e8res pour se d\u00e9placer. \u00bb C\u2019est ce que pr\u00e9conisait il y a quelques semaines le ministre sortant de l\u2019\u00c9nergie et de l\u2019Eau, Michel Najjar, face \u00e0 la perspective de la lev\u00e9e des subventions sur l\u2019essence et l\u2019explosion des prix en livres libanaises qui en sera une des cons\u00e9quences directes. Une suggestion plus facile \u00e0 \u00e9noncer qu\u2019\u00e0 mettre en pratique, dans un pays o\u00f9 la classe politique a longtemps rel\u00e9gu\u00e9 au dernier plan la question des transports publics au profit d\u2019un syst\u00e8me de mobilit\u00e9 centr\u00e9 sur les v\u00e9hicules priv\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">La crise \u00e9conomique et la hausse exponentielle des prix des hydrocarbures ne semblent pas avoir pouss\u00e9 la classe dirigeante \u00e0 saisir l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 de rattraper le retard accumul\u00e9 dans ce domaine en d\u00e9ployant un v\u00e9ritable r\u00e9seau de transports en commun. Signe de ce d\u00e9sint\u00e9r\u00eat, le gouvernement libanais s\u2019appr\u00eate en effet \u00e0 sacrifier un pr\u00eat de la Banque mondiale (BM) de 295 millions de dollars, initialement pr\u00e9vu pour financer la construction d\u2019un r\u00e9seau baptis\u00e9 Bus Rapid Transit (des voies exclusivement d\u00e9di\u00e9es \u00e0 la circulation rapide des bus), allant de Tabarja (Kesrouan) \u00e0 Beyrouth, pour financer la carte d\u2019approvisionnement cens\u00e9e accompagner la lev\u00e9e des subventions.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Sauver le syst\u00e8me<\/strong><br \/>\nIronie de l\u2019histoire, cette d\u00e9cision de r\u00e9affecter le pr\u00eat pourrait m\u00eame \u00eatre valid\u00e9e par la BM, qui s\u2019est dit pr\u00eate \u00e0 en discuter, selon son bureau \u00e0 Beyrouth que L\u2019Orient-Le Jour a contact\u00e9. Le gouvernement libanais devra cependant se plier \u00e0 certaines conditions, comme accepter que les aides vers\u00e9es via la carte le soient en \u00ab vrais \u00bb dollars ou que le processus de distribution des cartes soit supervis\u00e9 par un tiers ind\u00e9pendant.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Contact\u00e9, le d\u00e9put\u00e9 aouniste Ibrahim Kanaan, qui pr\u00e9side la commission parlementaire des Finances et du Budget, et dont le bloc politique avait pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 un projet de loi sur la mise en place des cartes d\u2019approvisionnement, affirme que la d\u00e9cision de rediriger le pr\u00eat de la BM est entre les mains du gouvernement. \u00ab Pour l\u2019ex\u00e9cutif, la priorit\u00e9 est d\u2019aider les Libanais les plus d\u00e9munis \u00e0 absorber le choc de la lev\u00e9e des subventions sur les produits de premi\u00e8re n\u00e9cessit\u00e9. Le gouvernement semble penser que la priorit\u00e9 n\u2019est pas aux transports publics en ce moment \u00bb, explique le d\u00e9put\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Un argument qui peine \u00e0 convaincre les militants et les experts, y percevant plut\u00f4t une ruse de la classe dirigeante. \u00ab Encore une fois, les dirigeants libanais ont fait le choix politique d\u2019acheter du temps pour rallonger la dur\u00e9e de vie du syst\u00e8me plut\u00f4t que de r\u00e9ellement plancher sur des solutions durables. Pour les za\u00efms du Liban, il faut diviser les Libanais, non pas les rapprocher \u00bb, regrette Petra Samaha, doctorante en sociologie urbaine \u00e0 Sciences Po Paris et membre du mouvement d\u2019opposition Citoyens et citoyennes dans un \u00c9tat.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Le d\u00e9sint\u00e9r\u00eat des responsables pour les transports publics n\u2019est pas nouveau. \u00ab Dans les ann\u00e9es 70, la tendance au niveau international \u00e9tait le passage des moyens de transport en commun vers la voiture individuelle. Depuis, cette tendance a \u00e9t\u00e9 corrig\u00e9e, mais pas au Liban. Cela peut s\u2019expliquer par l\u2019influence exerc\u00e9e par les lobbies li\u00e9s au secteur automobile, comme les importateurs, les assureurs, les stations-service, etc. \u00bb, explique Mona Fawaz, enseignantechercheuse en urbanisme au sein de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 am\u00e9ricaine de<br \/>\nBeyrouth. Selon les chiffres du site Our World in Data, affili\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Oxford, pr\u00e8s de 43,4 % des Libanais poss\u00e9daient une voiture en 2014, plus de trois fois la m\u00e9diane internationale de 13 %.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Reconstruction de Beyrouth<\/strong><br \/>\nApr\u00e8s la guerre civile, la situation des transports en commun au Liban a poursuivi son d\u00e9clin. Ces derniers deviennent les grands absents des projets de reconstruction dans les ann\u00e9es 1990. \u00ab Dans sa vision de Beyrouth postguerre, l\u2019entreprise Solidere du Premier ministre Rafic Hariri voyait la capitale comme une ville gentrifi\u00e9e, un centre financier et touristique compl\u00e8tement isol\u00e9 du reste du pays et accessible seulement aux plus riches. La mise au point d\u2019un r\u00e9seau de transports publics autour de la capitale \u00e9tait donc aux antipodes de ce projet \u00bb, estime Petra Samaha.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Face \u00e0 ce vide, des alternatives ont \u00e9merg\u00e9. \u00c0 l\u2019instar des prosp\u00e8res lignes de bus informelles, ne disposant pas de v\u00e9ritables arr\u00eats, et longtemps domin\u00e9s par des clans affili\u00e9s \u00e0 la classe politique. \u00ab L\u2019\u00e9mergence de ces lignes de bus rend les politiciens libanais encore plus incapables de mettre au point un v\u00e9ritable r\u00e9seau de transports en commun au Liban. Prenez par exemple l\u2019ancien ministre des Transports et des Travaux publics, Ghazi Aridi. Si officiellement, il disait \u00eatre favorable \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une ligne de bus entre le Chouf et Beyrouth, il a fini par \u00eatre confront\u00e9 aux membres de sa communaut\u00e9 qui tenaient eux-m\u00eames des lignes de bus du syst\u00e8me informel \u00bb, ajoute la chercheuse.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u00ab Afin de r\u00e9ussir \u00e0 cr\u00e9er un r\u00e9seau fiable de transports en commun au Liban, il est imp\u00e9ratif de trouver une formule qui ne mette pas les quelque 80 000 personnes d\u00e9pendant du secteur du transport informel en conflit avec le projet \u00bb, estime Petra Samaha. Elle est rejointe ici par Mona Fawaz, pour qui les conducteurs pourraient \u00eatre inclus dans le nouveau syst\u00e8me de transports collectifs. \u00ab Beyrouth a rapidement grandi du fait de sa position, \u00e0 l\u2019intersection de trois grands axes routiers. Mais l\u2019expansion de la ville a eu lieu de fa\u00e7on chaotique et al\u00e9atoire. Ainsi, les lignes de bus qui seront cr\u00e9\u00e9es n\u00e9cessiteront sans\u00a0 aucun doute des \u201cfeeder buses\u201d, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de petits bus qui relieront les stations secondaires aux stations principales \u00bb, propose-t-elle. C\u2019est \u00e9galement la philosophie que pr\u00f4ne Hadeer, une plateforme lanc\u00e9e r\u00e9cemment par un groupe de Libanais reliant par bus Beyrouth \u00e0 Batroun, quelque 55 kilom\u00e8tres au nord. \u00ab Hadeer est une application qui met en contact les utilisateurs avec des bus sur l\u2019axe Beyrouth-Batroun. L\u2019application demande \u00e0 l\u2019utilisateur d\u2019indiquer o\u00f9 il se trouve et o\u00f9 il souhaite aller, et le dirige donc vers \u201cl\u2019arr\u00eat virtuel\u201d le plus proche et le bus correspondant \u00e0 ses horaires \u00bb, explique Elio Haddad, cofondateur de Hadeer. \u00ab Nous ne voulons pas entrer en conflit avec les autres conducteurs de bus. D\u2019abord parce que nous leur offrons la possibilit\u00e9 de travailler avec nous, ensuite parce que nous servons une client\u00e8le plut\u00f4t diff\u00e9rente et capable de payer plus \u00bb, affirme le jeune entrepreneur.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">En effet, si les premiers 15 kilom\u00e8tres travers\u00e9s avec un bus de Hadeer sont factur\u00e9s \u00e0 7 000 livres, le co\u00fbt augmente ensuite avec la distance une fois pass\u00e9e la barre des 15 kilom\u00e8tres. Ainsi, un trajet Beyrouth- Batroun revient \u00e0 environ 20 000 livres libanaises. \u00ab Hadeer est un projet ambitieux que nous avons imagin\u00e9 pour compenser le vide que l\u2019\u00c9tat laisse. Et le projet ne nous a co\u00fbt\u00e9 que quelques dizaines de milliers de dollars\u2026 \u00bb affirme Elio Haddad.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Car dans les faits, le co\u00fbt de la cr\u00e9ation de r\u00e9seaux de transports collectifs est loin d\u2019\u00eatre exorbitant. \u00ab La facture de la mise sur pied d\u2019un v\u00e9ritable r\u00e9seau de transports en commun au Liban est minuscule compar\u00e9e \u00e0 la facture d\u2019importation des hydrocarbures \u00bb, affirme ainsi Mona Fawaz. \u00ab Au Liban, 90 % des trajets se font en voiture priv\u00e9e. Si la moiti\u00e9 seulement de ces trajets \u00e9tait redirig\u00e9e vers le bus, on \u00e9conomiserait un demi-milliard de dollars en importations d\u2019essence par an, soit quasiment deux fois la valeur du pr\u00eat de la BM. Sans compter le fait que le tout reviendrait moins cher au consommateur qui, selon mes calculs, paye en moyenne 850 livres par km en bus contre<br \/>\nenviron 1 300 livres en voiture \u00bb, poursuit Petra Samaha. Et ce n\u2019est pas le seul avantage. \u00ab Les transports collectifs permettront aussi de diminuer le niveau de pollution dans la ville, d\u2019augmenter la productivit\u00e9 des Libanais qui passeront moins de temps dans les embouteillages ou \u00e0 faire la queue devant les stations-service pour faire le plein. Cela r\u00e9duira au passage le stress provoqu\u00e9 par cette situation qui pose un v\u00e9ritable probl\u00e8me de sant\u00e9 publique \u00bb, affirme la chercheuse. Tout cela sans compter la marche, \u00ab un pilier de n\u2019importe quel plan de transports collectifs et un exercice important pour la sant\u00e9 \u00bb, souligne encore Mona Fawaz.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Des avantages \u00e9vidents mais que la classe dirigeante actuelle peine pourtant \u00e0 discerner, \u00e0 l\u2019image de la directrice g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du p\u00e9trole au sein du minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00c9nergie et de l\u2019Eau, Aurore Feghaly, qui s\u2019est r\u00e9cemment distingu\u00e9e dans un entretien t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9 en recommandant aux Libanais pris \u00e0 la gorge par la crise du carburant de \u00ab limiter leurs d\u00e9placements \u00bb&#8230;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='av-buildercomment av-av_comments_list-efc336e1980f90400772811f3c75511f'><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-2929i4-777fc9eaf0f801963dab2bdf922e9490 hr-default  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_comments_list  el_before_av_social_share '><span class='hr-inner '><span 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class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><article class='av-magazine-entry av-magazine-entry-id-17299 av-magazine-format-standard av-magazine-type-post av-magazine-entry-6 av-magazine-entry-small '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class=\"av-magazine-thumbnail\"><a href='https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2021\/10\/11\/interview-with-charbel-nahhas\/' title='Lier vers : Charbel Nahas : \u00ab\u2009Le nouveau gouvernement libanais est dangereux\u2009\u00bb' class='av-magazine-thumbnail-link'><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" src=\"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-80x80.png\" class=\"wp-image-17300 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-17300 attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-1030x1030.png 1030w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-705x705.png 705w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-24x24.png 24w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-48x48.png 48w, https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"av-magazine-content-wrap\"><header class=\"entry-content-header\"><time class='av-magazine-time updated'  itemprop=\"datePublished\" datetime=\"\" ><\/time><h3 class='av-magazine-title entry-title '  itemprop=\"headline\" ><a href='https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2021\/10\/11\/interview-with-charbel-nahhas\/' title='Lier vers : Charbel Nahas : \u00ab\u2009Le nouveau gouvernement libanais est dangereux\u2009\u00bb'>Charbel Nahas : \u00ab\u2009Le nouveau gouvernement libanais est dangereux\u2009\u00bb<\/a><\/h3><\/header><\/div><footer class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Encore une fois, les<br \/>\ndirigeants libanais ont fait le choix politique d\u2019acheter du temps pour<br \/>\nrallonger la dur\u00e9e de vie du syst\u00e8me plut\u00f4t que de r\u00e9ellement plancher<br \/>\nsur des solutions durables. Pour les za\u00efms du Liban, il faut diviser les<br \/>\nLibanais, non pas les rapprocher<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":367,"featured_media":17201,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":[],"_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[155],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Les transports collectifs, \u00e9ternels sacrifi\u00e9s du syst\u00e8me libanais - \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2021\/09\/17\/transportation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les transports collectifs, \u00e9ternels sacrifi\u00e9s du syst\u00e8me libanais - \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Encore une fois, les dirigeants libanais ont fait le choix politique d\u2019acheter du temps pour rallonger la dur\u00e9e de vie du syst\u00e8me plut\u00f4t que de r\u00e9ellement plancher sur des solutions durables. 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