{"id":8974,"date":"2020-01-31T13:31:16","date_gmt":"2020-01-31T11:31:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/2020\/01\/31\/crise-choix-et-priorites\/"},"modified":"2020-01-31T16:21:43","modified_gmt":"2020-01-31T14:21:43","slug":"crise-choix-et-priorites","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2020\/01\/31\/crise-choix-et-priorites\/","title":{"rendered":"Crise, choix et priorit\u00e9s"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb\">\n.flex_column.av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb av_three_fourth  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-jo02aj9o-c747e19ade06532efadb9eaf2e11a914 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2 class=\"topTitle\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Crise, choix et priorit\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-36ctod-04a0923b74485b06d58a63d634bda0b4 hr-default  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jpa4dlb3-7f844daeec652e2e27d9eba858697598 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Article par Charbel Nahas* publi\u00e9 dans le Commerce du Levant le Vendredi 31 Janvier 2020 et disponible sur ce <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lecommercedulevant.com\/article\/29579-crise-choix-et-priorites\">lien<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">En arabe le mot crise, \u201cazma\u201d, signifie morsure violente, insupportable, et sugg\u00e8re l\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 d\u2019attendre et l\u2019obligation de r\u00e9agir. Dans les langues europ\u00e9ennes, la crise est le moment du choix, qui conduit soit \u00e0 la gu\u00e9rison, soit \u00e0 la mort. Tout le monde semble convenir que le Liban est en crise. Mais de quelle crise s\u2019agit-il\u00a0?<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Il y a une crise dans la rue\u00a0: l\u2019explosion de la col\u00e8re populaire est persistante depuis le 17 octobre. Il y a une crise financi\u00e8re qui s\u2019amplifie tous les jours, les banques, sans l\u2019avouer, ne peuvent plus honorer les \u00e9ch\u00e9ances de leurs d\u00e9posants, ni financer les importations et l\u2019\u00e9conomie.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Il y a une crise du syst\u00e8me politique\u00a0: les chefs communautaires ne peuvent plus constituer un gouvernement d\u2019\u201cunion nationale\u201d suivant les r\u00e8gles de leur jeu et ont d\u00fb se cacher derri\u00e8re un soi-disant cabinet de technocrates, sans projet politique.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Il y a aussi une crise du mod\u00e8le social\u00a0: le communautarisme reste la r\u00e8gle, freinant la lib\u00e9ration du d\u00e9bat politique et faisant peser la menace de la violence.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ces quatre crises se manifestent toutes ensemble. Leur co\u00efncidence serait-elle fortuite ? Ou bien y a-t-il des liens de causalit\u00e9 entre elles, qui imposent de hi\u00e9rarchiser leur traitement conjoint\u00a0?<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Certains se sont appliqu\u00e9s \u00e0 proposer des causalit\u00e9s aberrantes (comme si les manifestations avaient provoqu\u00e9 la crise financi\u00e8re) ou \u00e0 invoquer des actions externes (comme s\u2019il n\u2019y avait jamais eu d\u2019interventions ext\u00e9rieures).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">La r\u00e9alit\u00e9 est plus simple, mais non moins inqui\u00e9tante\u00a0: les crises ne sont pas per\u00e7ues au moment de leur occurrence effective, mais d\u00e9cal\u00e9es, et se manifestent dans des t\u00e9lescopages, comme celui que nous vivons actuellement. Le d\u00e9calage est d\u2019autant plus long que les enjeux de la crise sont graves et ses causes profondes.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Si le soul\u00e8vement populaire dure depuis trois mois, la crise financi\u00e8re \u00e9tait d\u00e9j\u00e0 l\u00e0 depuis au moins 2016, sans quoi les fameuses \u201cing\u00e9nieries\u201d n\u2019auraient pas eu lieu. Le mod\u00e8le politique instaur\u00e9 apr\u00e8s la guerre \u00e9tait en \u00e9chec depuis 1996-97 du fait de l\u2019effondrement des paris sur le \u201cprocessus de paix\u201d et sur la reconstruction par la dette qui le sous-tendaient\u00a0; sinon les chocs de 1998, de 2000 et de 2004 n\u2019auraient pas eu lieu. Ce mod\u00e8le politique est lui-m\u00eame le produit des transformations sociales du tournant des ann\u00e9es 1960-70 qui, n\u2019ayant pas \u00e9t\u00e9 prises en compte (se souvenir de la lettre de renonciation de Fouad Ch\u00e9hab en 1970), ont occasionn\u00e9 la guerre civile et produit l\u2019arrangement de Ta\u00ebf.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Sans aller jusqu\u2019\u00e0 exiger que \u201cgouverner, ce soit pr\u00e9voir\u201d, les Libanais sont en droit d\u2019attendre que ce soit, plus humblement, de constater et de reconna\u00eetre.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><b>La fameuse\u00a0<\/b><b>\u201cr\u00e9silience\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">La question centrale devient celle du temps, du rapport au temps. C\u2019est cet effet de d\u00e9calage que certains thurif\u00e9raires ont appel\u00e9 \u201cr\u00e9silience\u201d et ont rattach\u00e9 \u00e0 un pr\u00e9tendu \u201cexceptionnalisme libanais\u201d.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Pour que les crises aient pu \u00eatre esquiv\u00e9es, report\u00e9es, il a fallu un m\u00e9lange de trois ingr\u00e9dients\u00a0: des faits du hasard, une habilet\u00e9 et une ruse certaines, et surtout un fatalisme de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 qui s\u2019est laiss\u00e9 transformer en variable d\u2019ajustement du syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Deux faits inesp\u00e9r\u00e9s d\u2019abord\u00a0: l\u2019annonce de l\u2019invasion am\u00e9ricaine de l\u2019Irak en 2001-2002 qui a rassembl\u00e9 dans la m\u00eame crainte Fran\u00e7ais, Saoudiens et Syriens, et qui a permis la tenue de la conf\u00e9rence de Paris II\u00a0; puis, \u00e0 partir de 2006, la mont\u00e9e des prix du p\u00e9trole qui a fait se d\u00e9verser sur le Liban un flux de dollars consid\u00e9rable.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">La ruse et l\u2019habilet\u00e9, mais aussi l\u2019app\u00e9tit pour les gains \u00e0 court terme ont conduit \u00e0 \u00e9riger une gigantesque pyramide de Ponzi et \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une illusion mon\u00e9taire sophistiqu\u00e9e : le dollar libanais. Une devise qui n\u2019a pas de cours vis-\u00e0-vis des autres devises, et qui tient au mirage longtemps entretenu qu\u2019un dollar libanais est un dollar am\u00e9ricain, qui n\u2019a pas d\u2019institut d\u2019\u00e9mission, mais qui peut \u00eatre d\u00e9tenu en r\u00e9serve nominale de valeur par la Banque centrale et par les d\u00e9posants, et qui se multiplie par les effets de cr\u00e9dit.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Enfin, ces illusions n\u2019auraient pas pu se d\u00e9ployer sans le fatalisme que la guerre, puis la domination des chefs de guerre ont impos\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble de la population le sentiment de vivre en sursis. D\u00e8s lors le fait de repousser les \u00e9ch\u00e9ances devient un objectif en soi.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><b>Prouesse\u00a0<\/b><b>ou trag\u00e9die<\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ces prouesses ont eu un co\u00fbt effroyable. Un co\u00fbt financier bien s\u00fbr. Les agr\u00e9gats financiers ont atteint des niveaux inouis\u00a0: les emplois domestiques des banques repr\u00e9sentent cinq fois le PIB, les int\u00e9r\u00eats per\u00e7us par les cr\u00e9anciers atteignent la moiti\u00e9 du PIB et la dette publique, incluant le passif net de la BDL, deux fois le PIB.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Un co\u00fbt \u00e9conomique aussi. Les prix domestiques ont augment\u00e9 de pr\u00e8s de 200 % par rapport aux prix internationaux compar\u00e9s \u00e0 leurs niveaux historiques respectifs, les exportations de biens et de services se sont \u00e9tiol\u00e9es, le d\u00e9ficit des op\u00e9rations courantes est devenu structurel, atteignant 25 % du PIB, le pays est devenu otage de l\u2019attraction permanente de capitaux ext\u00e9rieurs.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Un co\u00fbt social surtout. L\u2019\u00e9migration draine la moiti\u00e9 des effectifs de chaque cohorte d\u2019\u00e2ge, les travailleurs immigr\u00e9s et les r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s repr\u00e9sentent pr\u00e8s de la moiti\u00e9 de la population active hors secteur public, les Libanais pauvres se retrouvent aux mains des patrons client\u00e9listes, les modes de comportement ont aussi \u00e9t\u00e9 profond\u00e9ment affect\u00e9s, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 est devenue anomique, prise entre pr\u00e9dation et ostentation, violence et fatalisme.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Face au s\u00e9isme, le d\u00e9ni a d\u2019abord pr\u00e9domin\u00e9. Il ne pouvait durer ind\u00e9finiment. Depuis quelques semaines, certains \u201cpolitiques\u201d se plaisent \u00e0 jouer les opposants, essayant de fuir leurs responsabilit\u00e9s. D\u2019autres se cachent derri\u00e8re les \u201ctechnocrates ind\u00e9pendants\u201d du gouvernement de Hassane Diab, avec l\u2019ambition de retarder l\u2019effondrement in\u00e9luctable, non sans esp\u00e9rer un miracle.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Dans ce jeu, les \u201ctechnocrates\u201d et \u201cexperts\u201d ne sont pas en reste. Ce sont en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral ceux-l\u00e0 m\u00eames qui d\u00e9fendaient le syst\u00e8me, restreignant leurs critiques \u00e0 la d\u00e9nonciation facile de la \u201ccorruption\u201d. Ils se reconfigurent habilement pour adapter leurs offres aux groupes d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eats en place ou, plus astucieusement, aux groupes d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eats dont l\u2019entr\u00e9e en sc\u00e8ne est attendue (FMI, fonds d\u2019investissement, repreneurs d\u2019actifs divers, etc.). Ils ont en commun de restreindre leurs propositions au volet financier.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><b>La politique\u00a0<\/b><b>et les priorit\u00e9s<\/b><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Or la crise et les choix auxquels le Liban est confront\u00e9 sont \u00e9minemment politiques.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Pour le pouvoir encore en place, les priorit\u00e9s se d\u00e9clinent comme suit\u00a0: pas de d\u00e9faut de l\u2019\u00c9tat sur sa dette en devises, pas de faillite formelle des banques, pas de d\u00e9crochage \u201cformel\u201d (et factice) du taux de change et le maintien de l\u2019approvisionnement minimal en denr\u00e9es de base (bl\u00e9, carburants et m\u00e9dicaments).<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Cette s\u00e9quence r\u00e9pond au souci majeur de gagner un sursis et fait payer \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 un co\u00fbt exorbitant.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">L\u2019alternative que propose le mouvement \u201cCitoyens et citoyennes dans un \u00c9tat\u201d consiste \u00e0 inverser les priorit\u00e9s\u00a0: assurer la coh\u00e9sion sociale et lutter contre l\u2019\u00e9migration, conduire la transition \u00e9conomique, restructurer les cr\u00e9ances et allouer les pertes, bien r\u00e9elles, de la mani\u00e8re la plus juste possible.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Il n\u2019est pas vrai que tout le monde serait d\u2019accord sur le \u201cprogramme des r\u00e9formes\u201d, et cela pour une raison simple\u00a0: parce qu\u2019il ne s\u2019agit pas de probl\u00e8mes techniques. Tout projet politique exprime des choix de soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Veiller \u00e0 ce qu\u2019une \u00e9migration massive et qu\u2019un effondrement des institutions et des entreprises susceptibles de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des emplois ne handicapent la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pour plusieurs g\u00e9n\u00e9rations qui doit figurer en t\u00eate des objectifs. D\u00e8s lors, tous les aspects financiers ne rel\u00e8vent que de consid\u00e9rations de moyens.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><i>Le programme politique de Mouwatinoun wa Mouwatinat fi Dawla pour la transistion est disponible sur ce <a href=\"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/political-vision\/\">lien<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<hr dir=\"ltr\" \/>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><i>* \u00c9conomiste et ing\u00e9nieur polytechnicien. Secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du mouvement \u201cCitoyens et citoyennes dans un \u00c9tat\u201d.<br \/>\n<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-2929i4-777fc9eaf0f801963dab2bdf922e9490 hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_social_share '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='av-social-sharing-box av-ao6m0-3fe04660fe53d2dfce528be7b45e8fb8 av-social-sharing-box-default  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  av-social-sharing-box-fullwidth'><div class=\"av-share-box\"><h5 class='av-share-link-description av-no-toc '>Share this entry<\/h5><ul class=\"av-share-box-list noLightbox\"><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-facebook' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Partager sur Facebook\" href='https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2020\/01\/31\/crise-choix-et-priorites\/&#038;t=Crise%2C%20choix%20et%20priorit%C3%A9s' 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