{"id":9004,"date":"2020-01-31T06:13:17","date_gmt":"2020-01-31T04:13:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/2020\/01\/31\/liberation-hm\/"},"modified":"2020-02-02T06:53:10","modified_gmt":"2020-02-02T04:53:10","slug":"liberation-hm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2020\/01\/31\/liberation-hm\/","title":{"rendered":"Construire le Liban d\u2019apr\u00e8s"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb\">\n.flex_column.av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb av_three_fourth  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-jo02aj9o-c747e19ade06532efadb9eaf2e11a914 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h1 class=\"article-headline\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Construire le Liban d\u2019apr\u00e8s<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-36ctod-04a0923b74485b06d58a63d634bda0b4 hr-default  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jpa4dlb3-7f844daeec652e2e27d9eba858697598 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Tribune de Hala Moughanie* publi\u00e9e dans Lib\u00e9ration le 31 Janvier 2020 et disponible sur ce <a href=\"https:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/debats\/2020\/01\/31\/construire-le-liban-d-apres_1776458\">lien.<\/a><\/p>\n<blockquote dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"article-standfirst read-left-padding\">La r\u00e9silience du peuple libanais lui a permis, apr\u00e8s la guerre civile, de survivre au-dessus des charniers. Face \u00e0 la paup\u00e9risation, au communautarisme ou au consum\u00e9risme, l&rsquo;actuelle contestation doit conduire \u00e0 un nouveau projet collectif, frugal et r\u00e9aliste.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Depuis plus de cent jours d\u00e9j\u00e0, les Libanais ne d\u00e9col\u00e8rent pas. Leur d\u00e9termination a pris de court une classe politique ind\u00e9boulonnable, qui continue pourtant ses man\u0153uvres politiciennes, sans rien changer \u00e0 sa compr\u00e9hension de l\u2019exercice du pouvoir.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Nombreux sont ceux qui d\u00e9crivent la \u00abr\u00e9volution\u00a0d\u2019octobre\u00bb comme un point pivot. Le fait qu\u2019un nombre consid\u00e9rable de Libanais se soit mobilis\u00e9 face au pouvoir en place, toutes confessions, opinions politiques et classes sociales confondues, incarnerait la fin r\u00e9elle de la guerre civile (1975-1990). Celle-ci jouait les prolongations, les hommes de guerre \u00e9tant devenus les leaders politiques d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui et les divisions communautaires persistant, sur fond d\u2019absence de travail de m\u00e9moire, de justice et de pardon.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">La r\u00e9alit\u00e9 est \u00e0 nuancer\u00a0: les derniers mois ont aussi \u00e9t\u00e9 ponctu\u00e9s de r\u00e9cup\u00e9rations et stigmatisations communautaires. Autrement dit, non, la guerre n\u2019est pas encore termin\u00e9e. Et elle est bien civile puisque nous la menons entre nous et contre nous.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Mais c\u2019est moins du fait de notre habitude \u00e0 l\u2019altercation qu\u2019\u00e0 cause de notre propension \u00e0 la r\u00e9silience, id\u00e9e sur laquelle nous avons construit notre image de nous-m\u00eames en tant que peuple. Car oui, nous sommes des r\u00e9silients, des survivants. Nous avions surmont\u00e9 les horreurs de la guerre. Mais, pire peut-\u00eatre, nous avons travers\u00e9 la violence de notre histoire r\u00e9cente avec abn\u00e9gation. Nous avons connu les occupations isra\u00e9lienne et syrienne jusqu\u2019en\u00a02005, encore plus de guerres isra\u00e9liennes \u2013\u00a0en 1993, 1996 et 2006\u00a0\u2013, et le vol orchestr\u00e9 des fonds publics de la part d\u2019un establishment politico-financier mafieux qui en a us\u00e9 comme de son propre porte-monnaie, imposant un syst\u00e8me corrompu et client\u00e9liste.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">F\u00e9rocit\u00e9 de vivre<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">C\u2019est cette r\u00e9silience qui nous a permis, durant trente ans, de respirer, rire, aimer et danser au-dessus des charniers, malgr\u00e9 les coupures d\u2019eau et d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, le grignotage et l\u2019empoisonnement de nos terres, la destruction et le pillage de notre patrimoine, l\u2019\u00e9rosion de nos droits citoyens et les discours communautaires nous dressant les uns contre les autres. C\u2019est cette m\u00eame r\u00e9silience qui, aujourd\u2019hui, alors que le Liban sombre dans une crise \u00e9conomique enfin visible, nous fait accepter l\u2019inacceptable\u00a0: rationnement des liquidit\u00e9s, inflation galopante, d\u00e9valuation de notre devise, signes de paup\u00e9risation extr\u00eame \u2013\u00a0des vieillards fouillant dans les poubelles aux enfants mendiant entre les voitures, pieds nus sous la pluie. Et les sempiternels discours communautaires. C\u2019est que notre survie d\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre, nous la devons avant tout \u00e0 notre capacit\u00e9 de d\u00e9ni du r\u00e9el, que nous pouvons prolonger longtemps de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 nous habituer \u00e0 tout, convaincus qu\u2019elle fait notre force l\u00e0 o\u00f9 elle n\u2019est qu\u2019une forme brutale de r\u00e9signation.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Le fait est que celle-ci est all\u00e9e de pair avec une f\u00e9rocit\u00e9 de vivre qui se trouve \u00eatre en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 une aptitude \u00e0 sur-vivre, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire \u00e0 d\u00e9vorer les exp\u00e9riences et les objets avec une insouciance fr\u00e9n\u00e9tique, cigales dans un paradis consum\u00e9riste. Le Liban s\u2019est laiss\u00e9 embarquer dans un cycle de d\u00e9bauche financi\u00e8re \u2013\u00a0fait de d\u00e9penses faramineuses, de bakchichs et de menaces\u00a0\u2013 avec ce que cela am\u00e8ne de d\u00e9pendances. Il s\u2019est transform\u00e9 en mendiant international, grappillant financements et soutien politique dans les capitales du monde entier; et a encha\u00een\u00e9 pr\u00eats et injections de capitaux, endettant jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ses arri\u00e8res petits-enfants. Les Libanais ont, dans leur majorit\u00e9, align\u00e9 leur mode de vie \u00e0 celui des pays dits \u00abd\u00e9velopp\u00e9s\u00bb et adopt\u00e9 ce qu\u2019ils pensaient en \u00eatre les codes, les produits, les logiques \u00e9conomiques et sociales, pourtant incoh\u00e9rents avec nos r\u00e9alit\u00e9s socio-\u00e9conomiques \u2013\u00a0ce qui \u00e9quivalait \u00e0 habiller un affam\u00e9 d\u2019un manteau de soie. Dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 structurellement r\u00e9gie par une double logique communautaire et f\u00e9odale et donc d\u00e9j\u00e0 morcel\u00e9e, la comp\u00e9tition constante pour l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux biens a renforc\u00e9 les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s et contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 une dislocation sociale radicale.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Face au gouffre<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Le fait est que nous avons \u00e9chou\u00e9 \u00e0 imaginer un mod\u00e8le soci\u00e9tal qui, partant de notre exp\u00e9rience singuli\u00e8re de l\u2019histoire, r\u00e9ponde \u00e0 nos propres aspirations. Et il est grand temps de reconna\u00eetre qu\u2019\u00e0 partir du moment o\u00f9 elle oblige \u00e0 \u00eatre autre chose que soi, la survie est une faillite de l\u2019humain. En ce sens, nous avons tous, en tant que peuple, failli.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Parce que nous sommes aujourd\u2019hui face au gouffre et que nous ne pouvons que sauter, autant saisir l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 du (sur)saut pour nous demander quelle soci\u00e9t\u00e9 nous voulons. Il s\u2019agit de revendiquer ce que Mahmoud Darwich appelle <em>\u00abla po\u00e9sie politique\u00bb<\/em> et qu\u2019il oppose \u00e0 l\u2019exc\u00e8s de m\u00e9pris du politique, \u00e0 la surdit\u00e9 aux questions pos\u00e9es par la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 et par l\u2019Histoire et au refus de participer \u00e0 l\u2019entreprise de l\u2019espoir.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Les r\u00e9volutions sont de beaux accidents de l\u2019Histoire; elles offrent la possibilit\u00e9 de se penser autrement, de changer le regard d\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 sur elle-m\u00eame afin de se (re)d\u00e9finir dans l\u2019insoumission aux injonctions externes, qu\u2019elles soient \u00e9conomiques, politiques ou culturelles. Notre r\u00e9volution pourrait \u00eatre le moment d\u2019apprendre de nos pass\u00e9s et de nos ambitions mat\u00e9rialistes chim\u00e9riques qui se sont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9es destructrices. Elle pourrait \u00eatre, pour les Libanais, l\u2019occasion de revenir \u00e0 eux-m\u00eames, de penser une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 apais\u00e9e et mettre un point final \u00e0 cette guerre non termin\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Refuser les mirages<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Nous pouvons donc faire du Liban un laboratoire \u00e9conomique et social d\u2019un nouveau genre; or, il ne se fera que dans la frugalit\u00e9, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire en portant un regard humble sur nos capacit\u00e9s et nos besoins r\u00e9els pour y trouver des r\u00e9ponses pragmatiques.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Sans \u00eatre na\u00effs. Les Libanais devront r\u00e9pondre, de mani\u00e8re courageuse et r\u00e9aliste, de l\u2019irresponsable gestion politique, \u00e9conomique et sociale des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies. Mais aussi avoir le courage de refuser les mirages d\u2019un salut miraculeux qui ne serait qu\u2019un projet financier, notamment celui promis par l\u2019extraction du gaz maritime suppos\u00e9 (qui d\u00e9truirait ce qui reste de nos c\u00f4tes sans pour autant garantir le sauvetage de nos terres).<\/p>\n<div id=\"teads4\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Il va falloir mettre un terme \u00e0 notre mode de vie sur\u00e9valu\u00e9. Et constater que le capitalisme sauvage qui se construit dans une relation de pr\u00e9dation d\u2019avec l\u2019environnement et les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s qu\u2019il d\u00e9truit en toute impunit\u00e9, s\u2019il est un \u00e9chec pour l\u2019humanit\u00e9, l\u2019est aussi pour le Liban.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ce dont nous faisons l\u2019exp\u00e9rience aujourd\u2019hui, avec la limitation des ressources financi\u00e8res au niveau de chaque individu et la r\u00e9vision de notre mode de vie, pourrait devenir un choix collectif. Il ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019aust\u00e9rit\u00e9\u00a0(m\u00eame si nous pourrions r\u00e9apprendre \u00e0 utiliser les restes du poulet et \u00e0 boire \u00e0 la cruche en verre). Il s\u2019agit d\u2019\u0153uvrer \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation de nouveaux liens fond\u00e9s sur l\u2019entraide et \u00e0 un partage \u00e9quitable de nos acquis naturels, culturels et \u00e9conomiques; ce qui ne peut se faire qu\u2019en d\u00e9passant les carcans communautaires qui structurent aujourd\u2019hui notre soci\u00e9t\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ces liens doivent nous obliger \u00e0 aller les uns vers les autres, \u00e0 nous d\u00e9cloisonner socialement et g\u00e9ographiquement pour nous r\u00e9approprier notre territoire, ses champs abandonn\u00e9s, ses plages pollu\u00e9es et ses for\u00eats d\u00e9cim\u00e9es qu\u2019il faudra r\u00e9habiliter pour les r\u00e9-habiter. Ce faisant, nous deviendrions acteurs de notre propre devenir et ferions un acte d\u2019autor\u00e9paration politique, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire humain.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Ce laboratoire, il va falloir l\u2019inventer. Il se dit que la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 des Libanais n\u2019a pas de bornes; et si elle nous servait pour concevoir la vie dans ce pays autant qu\u2019elle aura \u00e9t\u00e9 utile \u00e0 en assurer la survie?<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">*Hala Moughanie Consultante, \u00e9crivaine, membre du Parti \u00abMouwatinoun wa mouwatinat fi dawla\u00bb, (Citoyens et citoyennes dans un Etat)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-2929i4-777fc9eaf0f801963dab2bdf922e9490 hr-default  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_social_share '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='av-social-sharing-box av-ao6m0-3fe04660fe53d2dfce528be7b45e8fb8 av-social-sharing-box-default  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  av-social-sharing-box-fullwidth'><div class=\"av-share-box\"><h5 class='av-share-link-description av-no-toc '>Share this entry<\/h5><ul class=\"av-share-box-list 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