{"id":9747,"date":"2020-07-27T19:18:38","date_gmt":"2020-07-27T16:18:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/2020\/07\/27\/lepoint\/"},"modified":"2020-07-28T12:22:49","modified_gmt":"2020-07-28T09:22:49","slug":"lepoint","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2020\/07\/27\/lepoint\/","title":{"rendered":"L&rsquo;impossible aide de la France au Liban"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb\">\n.flex_column.av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-4qhcvh-39b5c39c192e9822cc2af8d23396cadb av_three_fourth  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_fourth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-jo02aj9o-c747e19ade06532efadb9eaf2e11a914 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h1 class=\"topTitle\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">L&rsquo;impossible aide de la France au Liban<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-36ctod-04a0923b74485b06d58a63d634bda0b4 hr-default  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jpa4dlb3-7f844daeec652e2e27d9eba858697598 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Article de Armin Are\ufb01 publi\u00e9 dans Le Point le Lundi 25 Juillet 2020 et disponible sur le lien <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lepoint.fr\/monde\/l-impossible-aide-de-la-france-au-liban-25-07-2020-2385558_24.php\">suivant.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>En visite \u00e0 Beyrouth, Jean-Yves Le Drian a fait savoir qu&rsquo;aucun fonds ne sera vers\u00e9 tant que la classe politique libanaise n&rsquo;aura pas entrepris de r\u00e9forme.<\/em><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Le discours tranche avec les usages diplomatiques. Pour la premi\u00e8re visite au Liban d&rsquo;un haut responsable occidental depuis de nombreux mois, Jean-Yves Le Drian a publiquement d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 l&rsquo;attitude des autorit\u00e9s libanaises dans la crise \u00e9conomique sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent que conna\u00eet le pays. \u00ab Ce qui nous frappe le plus, c&rsquo;est le c\u00f4t\u00e9 passif des autorit\u00e9s de ce pays \u00bb, a lanc\u00e9, jeudi,Jean-Yves Le Drian devant les locaux de l&rsquo;ONG libanaise Amel International. \u00ab Ce pays, il faut le dire, est au bord de l&rsquo;ab\u00eeme,\u00a0et si des actions ne sont pas entreprises, alors, il risque de devenir\u00a0un\u00a0pays\u00a0en d\u00e9rive \u00bb, a-t-il ajout\u00e9 le lendemain.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Autrefois surnomm\u00e9 la \u00abSuisse du Proche-Orient \u00bb,le Liban est entr\u00e9 en d\u00e9faut de paiement en mars dernier. Endett\u00e9 \u00e0 hauteur de 92 milliards de dollars, soit 140 % de son produit int\u00e9rieur brut, le pays du C\u00e8dre n&rsquo;est plus en mesure de rembourser ses cr\u00e9anciers. La Banque centrale libanaise ne poss\u00e9derait plus que 20 milliards de dollars de r\u00e9serves et la population ne peut plus retirer de ses comptes bancaires que l&rsquo;\u00e9quivalent de 100 dollars par semaine.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>50 % des Libanais sous le seuil de pauvret\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Index\u00e9e depuis 23 ans sur le dollar \u00e0 un taux artificiellement baiss\u00e9 \u00e0 1 507 livres, lamonnaie locale a perdu 80 % de sa valeur depuis le mois d&rsquo;octobre. Sur le march\u00e9\u00a0noir, le billet vert s&rsquo;\u00e9change d\u00e9sormais contre plus de 9 000 livres. En un an,\u00a0l&rsquo;inflation a d\u00e9pass\u00e9 les 70 %. Le ch\u00f4mage atteint 35 % de la population active \u00ab La chute du taux de change, la perte du pouvoir d&rsquo;achat et les nombreux licenciements font qu&rsquo;au moins 50 % de la population libanaise vit aujourd&rsquo;hui sous le seuil de pauvret\u00e9 \u00bb, avertit le statisticien Redha Hamdan, vice-pr\u00e9sident du Consultation and Research Institute \u00e0 Beyrouth. \u00ab\u00a0Ce\u00a0sont\u00a0des\u00a0chiffres\u00a0qui font\u00a0chuter\u00a0des gouvernements \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Cette spectaculaire d\u00e9gradation des conditions de vie des Libanais a pouss\u00e9 des milliers d&rsquo;entre eux \u00e0 descendre dans la rue le 18 octobre 2019 contre l&rsquo;ensemble de\u00a0la classe politique. D\u00e9non\u00e7ant la corruption et l&rsquo;incomp\u00e9tence de leurs dirigeants, les manifestants se sont rassembl\u00e9s sous le slogan \u00ab qu&rsquo;ils s&rsquo;en aillent tous \u00bb. Depuis la fin de la guerre civile (1975-1990), le pouvoir est partag\u00e9 au Liban entre les chefs des principales communaut\u00e9s religieuses du pays (musulmane sunnite, chiite, chr\u00e9tienne, druze) organis\u00e9es en partis politiques. Selon la Constitution, le pr\u00e9sident doit \u00eatre chr\u00e9tien, le Premier ministre sunnite, et le chef du Parlement chiite. Si l&rsquo;alliance entre le mouvement islamiste chiite Hezbollah et les chr\u00e9tiens du Courant patriotique libre est majoritaire au sein de l&rsquo;ex\u00e9cutif, les d\u00e9cisions doivent se prendre par consensus, et chaque communaut\u00e9 conserve une capacit\u00e9 de blocage.<\/p>\n<blockquote dir=\"ltr\">\n<p>\u00ab Ce pays est une bancocratie incestueuse. \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00ab Il n&rsquo;y a pas d&rsquo;\u00c9tat au Liban \u00bb, souligne l&rsquo;\u00e9conomiste Charbel Nahas, l&rsquo;une des figures de la contestation. \u00ab Le vrai syst\u00e8me est une sorte de coop\u00e9rative de chefs de guerre qui ont organis\u00e9 entre eux un syst\u00e8me de veto r\u00e9ciproque. Ils ont troqu\u00e9 leurs habits de chefs de milice contre un costume cravate et ont d\u00e9cid\u00e9\u00a0de\u00a0se faire\u00a0plein d&rsquo;argent et d&rsquo;en redistribuer une partie \u00e0 leur communaut\u00e9\u00a0pour assurer leur\u00a0stature. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Pour ce faire, les autorit\u00e9s libanaises mettent en place dans les ann\u00e9es 1990 un astucieux syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;\u00ab ing\u00e9nierie financi\u00e8re \u00bb. Les banques libanaises attirent les fonds \u00e9trangers gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des taux de rendement d\u00e9fiant toute concurrence (jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 20 %), avant de pr\u00eater ces devises \u00e9trang\u00e8res \u00e0 la Banque centrale du Liban, qui les leur rembourse avec des int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9lev\u00e9s. Si l&rsquo;\u00c9tat libanais s&rsquo;endette, les banques s&rsquo;enrichissent et, avec elles,\u00a0de nombreux hommes\u00a0politiques\u00a0qui leur\u00a0sont\u00a0\u00e9troitement li\u00e9s. \u00ab Ce pays est une bancocratie incestueuse \u00bb, d\u00e9nonce le financier Henri Chaoul, ancien conseiller du ministre libanais des Finances. \u00ab Nous avons un syst\u00e8me financier o\u00f9 les banques locales et centrales se retrouvent dans le m\u00eame lit que les politiques. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Pyramide de Ponzi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Souvent compar\u00e9 \u00e0 une pyramide de Ponzi g\u00e9ante, le montage financier parvient \u00e0 faire illusion tant que les devises \u00e9trang\u00e8res entrent dans le pays. Mais la donne change en 2011 avec l&rsquo;\u00e9clatement la guerre en Syrie. L&rsquo;intervention du Hezbollah libanais aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de Bachar el-Assad provoque la col\u00e8re des pays du Golfe, soutiens de la r\u00e9bellion syrienne, qui interrompent leurs flux financiers en direction du pays du C\u00e8dre. L&rsquo;ass\u00e8chement des devises est aggrav\u00e9 par les sanctions am\u00e9ricaines contre le mouvement islamiste chiite.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">La r\u00e9volution du 18 Octobre\u00a0aboutit\u00a0finalement \u00e0 la d\u00e9mission\u00a0du\u00a0Premier ministre Saad Hariri. Mais les probl\u00e8mes demeurent. La nomination en janvier de Hassan Diab, ancien professeur d&rsquo;informatique \u00e0 la t\u00eate d&rsquo;un gouvernement de technocrates, n&rsquo;apaise pas les contestataires. Et seule l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence du coronavirus en mars vient \u00e0 bout des manifestations. \u00ab C&rsquo;est un gouvernement de fa\u00e7ade \u00bb, d\u00e9nonce Charbel Nahas, secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du parti Citoyen et citoyennes dans un \u00c9tat. \u00ab Les six chefs communautaires ne sont pas en mesure de traiter le probl\u00e8me,\u00a0car cela ferait \u00e9clater leur propre communaut\u00e9, dont la coh\u00e9sion d\u00e9pend de la distribution de la rente financi\u00e8re. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>N\u00e9gociations avec le FMI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Apr\u00e8s avoir adopt\u00e9 un plan de relance \u00e9conomique annon\u00e7ant de nombreuses\u00a0r\u00e9formes, le gouvernement de Hassan Diab est entr\u00e9 en discussion avec le Fonds mon\u00e9taire international\u00a0(FMI) en\u00a0mai, dans le but\u00a0de\u00a0recueillir\u00a0une\u00a0aide\u00a0de 10 milliards de dollars. Mais les n\u00e9gociations pi\u00e9tinent. Au sein de la d\u00e9l\u00e9gation libanaise, gouvernement et repr\u00e9sentants des banques ne sont m\u00eame pas d&rsquo;accord\u00a0sur le montant de la dette de la banque centrale et s&rsquo;\u00e9charpent sur la r\u00e9partition des pertes entre l&rsquo;\u00c9tat et ses cr\u00e9anciers. \u00ab Les banquiers, la banque centrale et le syst\u00e8me politique ne veulent pas r\u00e9aliser de r\u00e9formes, car ils ont beaucoup \u00e0 perdre\u00a0\u00bb, explique Henri Chaoul, qui repr\u00e9sentait le minist\u00e8re libanais des Finances, avant de d\u00e9missionner en juin. \u00ab Ces m\u00eames gens qui nous ont conduits dans cette crise sont incapables de nous en sortir. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Or, sans r\u00e9forme profonde du syst\u00e8me financier libanais, le FMI ne d\u00e9bloquera pas son aide, et aucun bailleur de fonds international n&rsquo;acceptera de porter secours au Liban. \u00ab Il est indispensable que l&rsquo;aide au Liban soit conditionn\u00e9e \u00e0 des r\u00e9formes structurelles de l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie \u00bb, souligne Karim \u00c9mile Bitar, directeur de l&rsquo;Institut de sciences politiques de l&rsquo;universit\u00e9 Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth. \u00ab Pendant des ann\u00e9es, on a lanc\u00e9 au Liban une bou\u00e9e de sauvetage dont profitait avant tout la classe politique libanaise. La conditionnalit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;aide peut indirectement pousser \u00e0 un changement d&rsquo;une partie de cette classe politique. \u00bb<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00ab Personne n&rsquo;a plus confiance \u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Apr\u00e8s avoir lev\u00e9 des milliards de dollars de fonds dans les ann\u00e9es 2000, \u00e0 l&rsquo;initiative\u00a0de Jacques Chirac, sans exiger de contrepartie de la part du Liban, Paris a chang\u00e9 de strat\u00e9gie. La France \u00ab ne mettra pas d&rsquo;engagement financier tant que les r\u00e9formes ne seront pas aux rendez-vous \u00bb, souligne un haut responsable fran\u00e7ais qui a requis l&rsquo;anonymat. Autrement dit, le FMI est la seule planche de salut pour le Liban. Ce message de fermet\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 signifi\u00e9 par Jean-Yves Le Drian au pr\u00e9sident\u00a0Michel Aoun\u00a0et au chef du Parlement, Nabih Berri, et aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00ab entendu \u00bb, selon le ministre fran\u00e7ais des Affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\">Mais les promesses de r\u00e9formes des dirigeants libanais \u00e0 la France sont jusqu&rsquo;ici toujours rest\u00e9es lettre morte. En 2018, Paris a r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 mobiliser 11 milliards de dollars dans le cadre de la Conf\u00e9rence \u00e9conomique pour le d\u00e9veloppement du Liban par les\u00a0r\u00e9formes\u00a0et avec les entreprises (Cedre),\u00a0suspendus,\u00a0entre\u00a0autres, \u00e0 l&rsquo;assainissement du syst\u00e8me financier libanais. Or, celui-ci n&rsquo;a jamais eu lieu. \u00ab Le probl\u00e8me, ce sont les actes. C&rsquo;est fini le discours \u00bb, explique le haut responsable fran\u00e7ais. \u00abPersonne n&rsquo;a plus confiance. Certains ne croient plus aux actes. \u00bb<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='av-buildercomment av-1xwxd8-8ae68056e919dc3153318f507a8d8593'><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-2929i4-777fc9eaf0f801963dab2bdf922e9490 hr-default  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_comments_list  el_before_av_social_share '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='av-social-sharing-box av-ao6m0-3fe04660fe53d2dfce528be7b45e8fb8 av-social-sharing-box-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  av-social-sharing-box-fullwidth'><div class=\"av-share-box\"><h5 class='av-share-link-description av-no-toc '>Share this entry<\/h5><ul class=\"av-share-box-list noLightbox\"><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-facebook' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Partager sur Facebook\" 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class=\"entry-footer\"><\/footer><\/article><article class='av-magazine-entry av-magazine-entry-id-17299 av-magazine-format-standard av-magazine-type-post av-magazine-entry-6 av-magazine-entry-small '  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class=\"av-magazine-thumbnail\"><a href='https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/fr\/2021\/10\/11\/interview-with-charbel-nahhas\/' title='Lier vers : Charbel Nahas : \u00ab\u2009Le nouveau gouvernement libanais est dangereux\u2009\u00bb' class='av-magazine-thumbnail-link'><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" src=\"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-80x80.png\" class=\"wp-image-17300 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-17300 attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mmfidawla.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/Article-web-80x80.png 80w, 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